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SUMMARY: To clarify the path of the temporal branch of facial nerve (TB) crossing the zygomatic arch (ZA). Eighteen fresh adult heads specimens were carefully dissected in the zygomatic region, with the location of TB as well as its number documented. The hierarchical relationship between the temporal branch and the soft tissue in this region was observed on 64 P45 plastinated slices. 1. TB crosses the ZA as type I (21.8 %), type II (50.0 %,), and type III (28.1 %) twigs. 2. At the level of the superior edge of the ZA, the average distance between the anterior trunk of TB and the anterior part of the auricle is 36.36±6.56 mm, for the posterior trunk is 25.59±5.29 mm. At the level of the inferior edge of the ZA, the average distance between the anterior trunk of TB and the anterior part of the auricle is 25.77±6.19 mm, for the posterior trunk is 19.16±4.71 mm. 3. The average length of ZA is 62.06±5.36 mm. TB crosses the inferior edge of the ZA at an average of 14.67±6.45 mm. TB crosses the superior edge of the ZA at an average of 9.08±4.54 mm. 4. At the level of the ZA, TB passes on the surface of the pericranium while below the SMAS. The TB obliquely crosses the middle 1/3 part of the superior margin of the ZA and the junction of the middle 1/3 part and the posterior 1/3 part of the inferior margin of the ZA below the SMAS while beyond the periosteum. It is suggested that this area should be avoided in clinical operation to avoid the injury of TB.
El objetivo de estudio fue esclarecer el trayecto del ramo temporal del nervio facial (RT) que cruza el arco cigomático (AC). Se disecaron la región cigomática de 18 especímenes de cabezas sin fijar de individuos adultas y se documentó la ubicación del RT y su número de ramos. La relación jerárquica entre el ramo temporal y el tejido blando en esta región se observó en 64 cortes plastinados o P45. 1º El RT cruza el AC como tipo I (21,8 %), tipo II (50,0 %) y tipo III (28,1 %). 2º A nivel del margen superior del AC, la distancia promedio entre el tronco anterior de RT y la parte anterior de la aurícula fue de 36,36±6,56 mm, para el tronco posterior fue de 25,59±5,29 mm. A nivel del margen inferior del AC, la distancia promedio entre el tronco anterior del RT y la parte anterior de la aurícula era de 25,77±6,19 mm, para el tronco posterior era de 19,16±4,71 mm. 3º La longitud media de RT fue de 62,06±5,36 mm. EL RT cruzaba el margen inferior del AC a una distancia media de 14,67±6,45 mm. El RT cruzaba el margen superior del AC a una distancia media de 9,08±4,54 mm. 4º Anivel del AC, el RT pasaba por la superficie del pericráneo mientras se encuentra por debajo del SMAS. El RT cruza oblicuamente el tercio medio del margen superior del AC y la unión del tercio medio y el tercio posterior del margen inferior del AC por debajo del SMAS, más allá del periostio. Se sugiere que esta área debe evitarse en la operación clínica para evitar la lesión de la RT.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Zygoma/innervation , Facial Nerve/anatomy & histology , PlastinationABSTRACT
Granzyme B is a serine protease that can play multiple roles in intracellular and extracellular perforin-dependent or non-perforin-dependent mechanisms. Granzyme B has been found to be an important factor involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and is increased in both skin lesions and peripheral blood of atopic dermatitis patients. In this article, we review the correlation between granzyme B and atopic dermatitis to provide a novel therapeutic targeting option for clinical treatment of the latter.
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@#Abstract: Objective To master the condition of cockroach population distribution, seasonal dynamics, cockroach density for different habitat, and to provide a basis for developing cockroach control strategies. Methods Six types of surveillance sites, including residential areas, hotels, restaurants, supermarkets, hospitals and farm product markets, were set up in 14 cities in Liaoning to monitor cockroaches using the sticky-trap method. The cockroach surveillance data from vector surveillance sites in fourteen cities of Liaoning Province in 2021 were collected and statistically analyzed using Excel 2010 and SPSS 23.0 software. The density and species composition of cockroaches were analyzed, and the density difference and seasonal dynamics trend of cockroaches in different habitats were compared. Results A total of 3 031 cockroaches were captured in 2021, of which Blattella germanica accounted for 94.66% (2 869/3 031) and was the dominant population. The total density of cockroaches was 0.230 0 cockroaches per sheet (3 031/13 234) and the total infestation rate of cockroaches was 5.59% (562/10 052). The density and infestation rate of cockroaches in different habitats were in the order of farm product markets, restaurants, and hotels and the difference in infestation rate between habitats was statistically significant (χ2=168.327, P<0.05). The seasonal dynamics trend of cockroach density and disoperation rate showed a unimodal curve, and the peaks were distributed in July. The seasonal dynamics of cockroach density and disoperation rate in different habitats showed a unimodal curve in the habitats of farm product markets, supermarkets, hotels, hospitals and residential areas all, while the habitats of restaurants were close to a double peak curve. Conclusions B. germanica is the dominant species of cockroaches in Liaoning Province in 2021. Compared with 2020 the density and disoperation rate of cockroach in 2021 showed a slight downward trend, and the seasonal dynamics trend of cockroach density and disoperation rate showed a unimodal curve. The farm product markets are the key places for cockroach prevention and control. According to the seasonal fluctuation trends in cockroach density and infestation rate in different habitats, comprehensive prevention and control measures should be taken before the peak periods to reduce cockroach density and control diseases.
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Abstract@#The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China is increasing during recent years, which could be influenced by multiple factors such as genetics, diet and lifestyle. To understand the relationship between meal timing, frequency with childhood overweight and obesity, the paper reviews recent studies on the relationship between meal or snack timing, frequency with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, so as to provide scientific evidence for obesity prevention and control.
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Transient forebrain ischemia-reperfusion(I/R);Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF);Histone deacetylase 3(HDAC3);Hippocampus@#Objective To evaluate the effect of transient forebrain ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)on the binding of brainderived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)promoters to histone deacetylase 3(HDAC3)in the hippocampus of rat and investigate its mechanism.Methods The I/R model of SD rats(I/R group)was established by Pulsinelli four-vessel clamping method,and sham operation group(Sham group)was set at the same time,which were observed for the survival of neurons in the hippocampus of rats by Nissl staining,detected for the binding of BDNF promoters(Bdnf-p1,Bdnf-p2,Bdnf-p4 and Bdnf-p6)to HDAC3 by chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP)and determined for the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor antisense(BDNF-AS)by qPCR.Results Compared with Sham group,the quantity of neurons in hippocampal CA1 region of rats decreased significantly in I/R group,while those in CA3 region and DG region showed no significant changes.The binding levels of Bdnf-p1 and Bdnf-p2 to HDAC3 in hippocampal CA1 region decreased significantly in I/R Group(t = 2.575 and 2.241 respectively,each P<0.05),while there was no significant difference in the binding levels of Bdnf-p4 and Bdnf-p6 to HDAC3(t = 1.033 and 0.348 respectively,each P>0.05);The binding levels of Bdnf-p1 and Bdnf-p2 to HDAC3 in CA3 region increased significantly(t = 12.600 and 3.191,P<0.001 and<0.05,respectively),while the binding level of Bdnf-p6 to HDAC3 decreased significantly(t = 4.029,P<0.05)and no significant difference was observed in the binding level of Bdnf-p4 to HDAC3(t = 0.175,P>0.05);In DG region,the binding level of each BDNF promoter to HDAC3 showed no significantly difference(t = 0.630 ～ 1.687,each P>0.05).Meanwhile,the expression level of BDNF-AS in hippocampal CA1 region of rats decreased significantly(t = 2.560,P<0.05),but increased significantly in hippocampal CA3 and DG regions(t = 3.543 and 3.637 respectively,each P<0.01)in I/R group.Conclusion I/R showed a significant effect on the binding level of BDNF promoter to HDAC3 in rat hippocampus,which may play a role by changing the expression level of BDNF-AS.
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Abstract@#The rate of overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents is gradually increasing, and it has multiple hazards for their health. Overweight and obesity are affected by many factors such as genetics and environment. The home food environment is very important among the many factors affecting children s overweight and obesity. This paper analyzes the relationship between parents feeding behaviors, including pressure eating, restricted eating and food as reward, accessibility and usability of family food, with overweight and obesity of children and adolescents, aiming to provide a scientific reference for controlling children overweight and obesity by focusing on home food environment.
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Hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)are essential drivers of fibrogenesis.Inducing activated-HSC apoptosis is a promising strategy for treating hepatic fibrosis.18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid(18β-GA)is a natural com-pound that exists widely in herbal medicines,such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch,which is used for treating multiple liver diseases,especially in Asia.In the present study,we demonstrated that 18β-GA decreased hepatic fibrosis by inducing the apoptosis in activated HSCs.18β-GA inhibited the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen type Ⅰ alpha-1.Using a chemoproteomic approach derived from activity-based protein profiling,together with cellular thermal shift assay and surface plasmon reso-nance,we found that 18β-GA covalently targeted peroxiredoxin 1(PRDX1)and peroxiredoxin 2(PRDX2)proteins via binding to active cysteine residues and thereby inhibited their enzymatic activities.18β-GA induced the elevation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),resulting in the apoptosis of activated HSCs.PRDX1 knockdown also led to ROS-mediated apoptosis in activated HSCs.Collectively,our findings revealed the target proteins and molecular mechanisms of 18β-GA in ameliorating hepatic fibrosis,highlighting the future development of 18β-GA as a novel therapeutic drug for hepatic fibrosis.
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@#肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAM）在肿瘤发展、转移和治疗抵抗中扮演了关键角色。TAM包含两种可相互极化的类型：促炎、抑制肿瘤生长的M1型和抑炎、促进肿瘤进展的M2型。表观遗传机制在肿瘤微环境对TAM的功能塑造中的作用十分独特，主要介导极化相关信号通路、细胞因子、代谢酶、关键转录因子和MHC及其调控因子等功能基因的转录或转录后调控，从而决定TAM的极化状态和功能。因此，从表观调控入手抑制M2极化、促进M1极化，进而引起TAM功能重塑，已逐渐成为肿瘤治疗的一个新兴策略。通过鉴定TAM特异性及关键表观调节机制、开发靶向TAM的新型表观药物递送系统、有效联合其他抗肿瘤疗法等方式，可进一步提高基于表观遗传调控的靶向巨噬细胞治疗的特异性，降低不良反应，实现更理想的抗肿瘤效果。
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Objective@#To learn about the construction and staffing of the school health system in Chinese institutions for disease prevention and control, and to provide basic information for the school health system, team capacity building and work development.@*Methods@#Electronic questionnaire was used to collect the setting and staffing of school health departments (including school health centers and departments/rooms) at the provincial, prefecture and county (district) levels in the centers for disease control and prevention. Statistical analysis was made on the proportion of school health, the number of staff and the characteristics such as age, education, major and working years in the provincial, prefecture and county (district) levels.@*Results@#Among the 3 313 institutions, the proportion of independent school health departments was 10.8%, and those of the provincial, prefecture and county (district) levels were 74.2%, 15.0%, and 9.6%, respectively. Among the institutions with separated department, the average number of staff members was 4.4, while the number of staff was 2.5. The average age of school health workers was 40.4 years old, and the proportion of male and female employees was 45.2% and 54.8%. The proportion of personnel who have been engaged in school health work for less than 5 years on average was as high as 65.1%. The majors of the staff were mainly public health ( 40.4 %), 54.0% of the provincial staff had a master s degree or above, and 47.8% and 58.7% of the staff at the prefecture and county (district) levels were junior college or below respectively.The proportion of provincial level personnel with intermediate and senior titles was 69.6%, and the proportion of municipal and countylevel personnel at the junior level and below was 52.2% and 56.2% respectively.@*Conclusion@#The proportion of independent school health departments within centers of disease control and prevention across China was low. There is a serious shortage of school health personnel, and there are problems such as low levels of education and professional titles, especially in county (district) level institutions. It is urgent to strengthen the construction of the school health system of the centers for disease control and prevention in China.
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Objective@#To learn about the construction and staffing of the school health system in Chinese institutions for disease prevention and control, and to provide basic information for the school health system, team capacity building and work development.@*Methods@#Electronic questionnaire was used to collect the setting and staffing of school health departments (including school health centers and departments/rooms) at the provincial, prefecture and county (district) levels in the centers for disease control and prevention. Statistical analysis was made on the proportion of school health, the number of staff and the characteristics such as age, education, major and working years in the provincial, prefecture and county (district) levels.@*Results@#Among the 3 313 institutions, the proportion of independent school health departments was 10.8%, and those of the provincial, prefecture and county (district) levels were 74.2%, 15.0%, and 9.6%, respectively. Among the institutions with separated department, the average number of staff members was 4.4, while the number of staff was 2.5. The average age of school health workers was 40.4 years old, and the proportion of male and female employees was 45.2% and 54.8%. The proportion of personnel who have been engaged in school health work for less than 5 years on average was as high as 65.1%. The majors of the staff were mainly public health ( 40.4 %), 54.0% of the provincial staff had a master s degree or above, and 47.8% and 58.7% of the staff at the prefecture and county (district) levels were junior college or below respectively.The proportion of provincial level personnel with intermediate and senior titles was 69.6%, and the proportion of municipal and countylevel personnel at the junior level and below was 52.2% and 56.2% respectively.@*Conclusion@#The proportion of independent school health departments within centers of disease control and prevention across China was low. There is a serious shortage of school health personnel, and there are problems such as low levels of education and professional titles, especially in county (district) level institutions. It is urgent to strengthen the construction of the school health system of the centers for disease control and prevention in China.
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Objective@#To explore relationship between screen time and myopia in children aged 11-14 years in China.@*Methods@#The data were extracted from "National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey and Application for 0-18 Years Old Children". A total of 12 397 children aged 11-14 years old from 14 provinces and 28 districts/counties in seven regions of China were surveyed by using multi stage stratified random sampling method. Daily screen time and visual acuity information were collected through a questionnaire.@*Results@#The myopia rate of 11-14 years old children in China was 45.0%, among which the rate of girls was higher than that of boys, and the rate of urban was higher than that of rural, and it increased with age ( χ 2=178.82,79.25, 495.96 , P <0.01). The daily screen time median of 12 397 children was 40.0 minutes, with boys(40.0 min) longer than girls( 35.0 min ) and urban children(40 min) longer than rural children(33.0 min) ( χ 2=20.86，102.68， P <0.01). The myopia rate of boys ( 42.5 %) with daily screen time greater than or equal to 60 minutes was higher than that of boys (36.4%) with daily screen time less than 60 minutes, and the myopia rate of girls (55.6%) with daily screen time greater than or equal to 60 minutes was higher than that of girls (48.0%)( χ 2=23.62，34.15， P <0.01). After adjusting for age, gender, region, time of medium and high intensity physical activity, intake of sugary food and sugary beverages, daily sleep time, multivariable Logistic regression model showed that girls with daily screen time greater than or equal to 60 minutes ( OR=1.14, 95%CI =1.03-1.27) had a higher risk of myopia than those with less than 60 minutes. After adjusting for confounding factors, there was no correlation between daily screen time and the degree of myopia in boys or girls( P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#Daily screen time greater than or equal to 60 minutes may be a risk factor for myopia in girls aged 11 to 14 years old. Given the complexity of the factors that affect vision, researches are needed to examine the relationship between screen time and myopia.
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Objective@#To explore the relationship between anemia and neuropsychological development in various domains among preschool children in China.@*Methods@#Data came from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for children in China, and 3 261 preschool children aged 2-6 years and their parents from 28 sites across 14 provinces were recruited in this study. Parental and child characteristics were obtained by interview administrated questionnaires. Blood hemoglobin(Hb) concentration was determined by Hemocue method. Neuropsychological development quotients were assessed using the Development Scale for Children Aged 0-6 Years(WS/T 580-2017).@*Results@#The average Hb level was (125.23±11.49)g/L and the overall anemia prevalence was 10.30% among preschool children. After adjusting the confounding factors(sex, age, ethnicity, region, feeding mode, maternal status during pregnancy, etc), developmental quotients of gross motor( β=-2.15, 95%CI =-3.89--0.41), fine motor( β=-2.46, 95%CI =-4.12--0.79), adaptive behavior( β=-2.59, 95%CI =-4.42--0.76), language( β=-3.65, 95%CI =-5.53--1.78), personal social behavior( β=-3.11, 95%CI =-4.94--1.28) and full scale( β=-2.79, 95%CI =-4.10--1.49) among children with anemia were significantly lower than non anemic infants( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Anemia was negatively associated with developmental quotient, as well as five domains of gross motor, fine motor, adaptive behavior, language, and personal social behavior in preschool children aged 2-6 years. It is suggested to carry out the work of anemia monitoring and intervention in preschool children to further improve their neuropsychological development.
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Resumo Fundamento: Para pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST (IAMCST) que sofrem de obstrução coronariana microvascular funcional e estrutural (OCM) subsequente, nenhuma abordagem terapêutica específica e definitiva de atenuação foi comprovada como válida em testes de larga escala atuais, o que destaca a necessidade de abordar seu reconhecimento precoce. Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o desempenho de dois escores de risco clínico com uma medida objetiva de OCM durante intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) em casos de IAMCST Métodos: A medição do índice de resistência microcirculatória (IRM) foi realizada e os parâmetros clínicos e angiográficos basais também foram registrados. Os pacientes foram divididos em entre os grupos OM (obstrução microvascular) e NOM (não-obstrução microvascular), de acordo com o valor de IRM pós-procedimento. O risco de OCM foi avaliado para todos os participantes pelos escores preditivos SAK e ATI, respectivamente. Cada sistema foi calculado somando-se as pontuações de todas as variáveis. As curvas de características do operador receptor (ROC) e a área sob a curva (AUC) de dois modelos de risco foram utilizadas para avaliar o desempenho discriminatório. Um ecocardiograma foi realizado sete dias após o procedimento para avaliar a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE). Um valor P bicaudal de <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Entre os 65 pacientes elegíveis com IAMCST, 48 foram alocados no grupo NOM e 17 no grupo OM, com uma incidência de OCM de 26,15%. Não houve diferença significativa na AUC entre os dois escores. A FEVE avaliada para o grupo NOM foi maior do que para o grupo OM. Conclusão: Os escores SAK e ATI tiveram bom desempenho para estimar o risco de OCM após ICP primário para pacientes com IAMCST.
Abstract Background: For patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) that are suffering from subsequent coronary microvascular functional and structural obstruction (CMVO), no specific and definitive therapeutic approaches of attenuation have been proven valid in up-to-date large-scale tests, which highlights the urge to address its early recognition. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the performance of two clinical risk scores with an objective measurement of CMVO during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with STEMI. Methods: The Index of Microcirculatory Resistance (IMR) measurement was conducted and the baseline clinical and angiographic parameters were also recorded. The patients were divided into MO (Microvascular obstruction) or NMO (Non-microvascular obstruction) groups according to the post-procedure IMR value. The CMVO risk was evaluated for all participants by SAK and ATI predictive scores, respectively. Each system was calculated by summing the scores of all variables. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC) of two risk models were used to evaluate the discriminatory performance. An echocardiography was performed seven days after the procedure to evaluate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). A two-sided P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 65 eligible STEMI patients, 48 patients were allocated in the NMO group and 17 in the MO group, with a CMVO incidence of 26.15%. There was no significant difference in the AUC between both scores. The LVEF evaluated for the NMO group was higher than that of MO group. Conclusion: Both SAK and ATI scores performed well in estimating CMVO risk after primary PCI for STEMI patients.
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Humans , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/adverse effects , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/surgery , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/diagnostic imaging , Stroke Volume , Risk Factors , Ventricular Function, Left , Treatment Outcome , Coronary Circulation , MicrocirculationABSTRACT
Objective@# To study the changes in levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with severe chronic periodontitis before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy and to explore the relationship among the levels of these four biomarkers in GCF, their periodontal status and their clinical significance to evaluate the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy and periodontitis activity.@*Methods@# In total, 30 patients with severe chronic periodontitis were enrolled in a 1-year longitudinal pilot study (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-OCH-13004679). At baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after nonsurgical therapy, the periodontal clinical indicators plaque index (PLI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), sulcus bleeding index (SBI) were recorded. Filter paper strips were used to collect two deep-pocket (probing depth ≥ 6 mm) and two shallow-pocket (probing depth ≤ 4 mm) periodontal sites for each patient and weighed. The levels of interleukin IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and ALP in GCF were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Meanwhile, 30 healthy sites of 15 subjects with healthy periodontium were used as the baseline controls for patients with severe chronic periodontitis.@*Results @#At the baseline, the TNF-α, ALP and IL-6 levels in GCF of the disease sites of patients with periodontitis were significantly higher than those in healthy periodontal sites of the control group (P < 0.001), and the levels of IL-10 were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.001). In patients with severe chronic periodontitis, the levels of TNF-α, ALP and IL-6 in GCF at deep-pocket sites were significantly higher than those at shallow-pocket sites (P <0.001), and the IL-10 levels were significantly lower than those at shallow-pocket sites (P < 0.001). 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after nonsurgical treatment, the levels of TNF-α and ALP in GCF at the shallow- and deep-pocket sites in patients with chronic periodontitis significantly decreased, the level of IL-10 significantly increased (P < 0.005), and the level of IL-6 in GCF at the deep-pocket sites significantly decreased (P < 0.005). However, there was no significant difference in IL-6 level at shallow-pocket sites (P > 0.05). 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after nonsurgical treatment, the periodontal clinical indicators were improved compared with the baseline. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the levels of these four biomarkers and the periodontal clinical parameters (P < 0.05). During the two follow-up visits after nonsurgical periodontal therapy, the sites with more than 2-mm increase in attachment loss had significant differences in the levels of the four biomarkers in the GCF compared with the previous visit time (P < 0.005).@*Conclusion@#The detection of the levels of these four biomarkers in GCF has strong clinical significance for assessing the severity of periodontitis and the efficacy of nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Increased levels of TNF-α, ALP, and IL-6 and decreased IL-10 levels in GCF may indicate periodontitis progression at this site.
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Objective@#To analyze changes of school canteen construction and canteen meal provision in surveilled schools after the initiation of the National Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Student (NNIPRCES), therefore to provide data basis for improving efficacy of school canteen meals.@*Methods@#From 2012 to 2017, among the 699 trial counties in 22 provinces under NNIPRCES, at least 10% of elementary schools and middle schools with each food supply model (canteen meals, enterprise meals, and family meals) were randomly selected in each county in each year. Questionnaire survey was conducted to collect school canteen construction and meal provision information. The sample size were around 8 000 to 11 000 schools every year.@*Results@#From 2012 to 2017, the proportion of schools that have canteens only, have both canteen and dining room, as well as those have canteen and dining room with tables and chairs significantly increased with years(χ 2=3 043.95, 6 383.85, 6 731.17, P<0.01). The proportion of schools having canteen increased from 59.5% in 2012 to 87.0% in 2017. The proportion of schools with canteen providing breakfast, lunch or dinner varied across years(χ 2=51.85, 144.96, 189.19, P<0.01). The varieties of food groups of three meals all significantly increased during 2012, 2014 and 2017(χ 2=702.30, 892.38, 550.55, P<0.01). The canteen construction indicators, proportion of canteens providing three meals, and food groups included in three meals all significantly differed between elementary schools and middle schools, also between schools of central area and western area(P<0.05). The changing patterns with year were significantly different in elementary schools and middle schools, and in schools of central area and western area(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#After the implementation of NNIPRCES, canteen construction and food variety in canteen meals significantly improved during 2012 to 2017. However, there are still gaps between changes of canteen construction and canteen meal provision. It is necessary to overcome obstacles to further increase the proportion of schools with canteen offering meals and the variety of food of meals.
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Abstract@#Excessive intake of sugar-sweetened beverages among children and adolescents could increase the risks of adverse health outcomes, including dental caries and obesity. This study reviewed the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among children and adolescents in China and the international strategies to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage. The aim of the study was to provide a reference for the introduction of relevant policies to control the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages in children and adolescents in China. In summary, measures including a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, implementing front-of-pack labelling system, restricting marketing and publicity and education have been adopted to control the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in some countries, while public publicity and education have been adopted in China. It is suggested that comprehensive policies and measures should be adopted to control the intake of sugar-sweetened beverage among Chinese children.
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Objective@#To investigate the changes of school absenteeism among students received Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Student (NIPCES), and to provide basic data for further nutritional health improvement for rural students.@*Methods@#Among 699 NIPCES monitored counties among 22 provinces across western and central China, 10%-30% of elementary and junior high schools were randomly selected as monitoring schools within each stratification according to the food supply pattern (school canteen, company and mix) in each county, school absenteeism information were collected and analyzed from 2012 to 2017.@*Results@#The total rate of student absenteeism was 26.0 per 10 000. From 2012 to 2016, it dropped from 30.8 per 10 000 to 23.4 per 10 000 year by year, but it increased again in 2017(28.2 per 10 000). The rate of school absenteeism in the western region (29.4 per 10 000) was higher than that in the central region (21.5 per 10 000); The sick leave rate (15.0 per 10 000) of primary school students was higher than that of junior high school students (13.4 per 10 000), and the rate of personal leave absences (16.9 per 10 000) of junior high school students was higher than that of elementary school students(9.9 per 10 000); the absentees rate in mixed-food supply schools (28.5 per 10 000) was higher than that in canteen food supply schools(26.4 per 10 000), the latter was higher than that of company food supply schools(25.0 per 10 000). The rate of sick leave absenteeism was highest in December(18.4 per 10 000), and the rate of personal leave absenteeism in June was highest(14.6 per 10 000).@*Conclusion@#The rate of school absenteeism among students in the NIPCES area showed an overall downward trend year by year. The absentee rate of students varies by regions, grade, food supply patterns and school locations.
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Objective@#To analyze the prevalence of stunting among students received subsidies of the National Nutrition Improvement Program for rural Compulsory Education Students (NNIPRCES) during 2012-2017.@*Methods@#By using the data from 2012-2017 NNIPRCES survey, students aged 6-15 with valid height records were included. Stunting was defined according to the Screening Criteria of Malnutrition for School Age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 456—2014). To explore the association of the risk of stunting between different regions, gender or age groups in rural students.@*Results@#The prevalence of stunting among students aged 6-15 who received subsidies of NNIPRCES during 2012-2017 were 8.0%, 7.9%, 6.9%, 6.5%, 6.0% and 5.3%, declined by 2.7, 1.8, 4.0 percentage points in average, as well as in central and western region, respectively. The prevalence of stunting declined with 2.7 percentage points for boys and ,2.9 percentage points for girls. The prevalence of stunting declined most at the age of 13, with 4.0 percentage points.@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of stunting of students has declined after the implementation of NNIPRCES from 2012 to 2017. However, the total prevalence of stunting was still high and the development was unbalanced between central and western region, which requires more target intervening strategies to improve the nutritional status of students.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To evaluate temporal trend in food supply among pilot schools involved in the National Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students (NNIPRCES).@*Methods@#Ten percent of pilot schools were randomly selected and asked to report the information on food supplies. Daily intake of energy, carbohydrates and protein for each student were calculated and compared with the reference value in Nutrition Guidelines of School Meals (WS/T 554-2017).@*Results@#Energy and protein supply increased among those pilot schools. The supply of energy increased from 1 566.5 kcal in 2012 to 1 927.4 kcal in 2017, protein increased from 49.0 g to 61.0 g. The energy ratio of fat increased from 31.9% to 34.9%, while energy ratio of carbohydrate decreased significantly (F=83.38, 128.36, 20.27 and 17.28, all P<0.05). The proportion of reasonable energy supply from carbohydrate and fat in 2017 were 17.5% and 26.8%, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The supply of energy and macronutrients in the pilot areas were unreasonable, more measures including dietary guide and monitoring need to be adopted to improve students nutrition status among rural areas.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the usage of catering software and the creation of recipes by schools, as part of the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students (NIPRCES) 2013-2017.@*Methods@#In each county of the 699 trial counties across 22 provinces in central and western area of China under the NNIPRCES, no less than 10% of primary and junior middle schools were randomly selected according to their catering mode (i.e., school feeding, food packages, and family feeding). School questionnaires were used to collect information concerning the schools and the creation of recipes.@*Results@#From 2013 to 2017, the utilization rate of catering software was 11.7%, 8.0%, 17.8%, 16.9%, and 14.0%, respectively with significant differences(χ 2=345.09，P<0.01). The creators of school-meal recipes included schools, the Education Bureau, hospitals and colleges, the centers of disease prevention and control. Differences were observed in the proportion of recipe creators across school type, area, and catering mode, while annual trends also varied (P<0.01), as indicated by the following proportions: 74.9%, 20.0%, 3.7%, 1.3%, respectively. Food safety was identified as the main factor that needs to be considered when creating school recipes, the proportions of which were 58.0%, 78.4%, 70.6%, and 87.4% from 2014 to 2017.@*Conclusion@#From 2013 to 2017, the utilization rate and the frequency of catering software were both relatively low, and recipe creation was in need of professional guidance. It is necessary to strengthen the popularization of catering software and improve the nutritional knowledge and skills of canteen workers to ensure the quality of school meals.